4 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION CHEMICAL IDENTITY Asbestos is a generic term for a group of six naturally occurring fibrous silicate minerals that have been widely used in commercial products Asbestos minerals fall into two groups or classes serpentine asbestos and amphibole asbestos It should be noted that serpentine and amphibole
Important titanium minerals are rutile brookite anatase illmenite and titanite The chief mined ore ilmenite occurs as vast deposits of sand in Western Australia Norway Canada and Ukraine Large deposits of rutile in North America and South Africa also contribute significantly to the world supply of titanium World production of the metal is about tonnes per year and that of
important lithium ore mineral A typical run of mine ore can contain 1 2% Li 2 O while a typical spodumene concentrate suitable for lithium carbonate production contains 6 7% Li 2 O 75% 87% spodumene Higher grade concentrates with % Li 2 O and low iron content are used in ceramics and more demanding industries MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS OF A TYPICAL PEGMATITE DEPOSIT A typical pegmatite
Hardness 10 Specific gravity Uses jewelry saws polishing equipment Diamond the hardest of any naturally formed mineral is also highly refractive causing light to be split into a spectrum of colors commonly called play of colors Because of its high specific gravity it is easily concentrated in alluvial gravels where it can be
important lithium ore mineral A typical run of mine ore can contain 1 2% Li 2 O while a typical spodumene concentrate suitable for lithium carbonate production contains 6 7% Li 2 O 75% 87% spodumene Higher grade concentrates with % Li 2 O and low iron content are used in ceramics and more demanding industries MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS OF A TYPICAL PEGMATITE DEPOSIT A
Identification of Minerals Chemical composition microprobes and wet chemical methods Crystal structure X ray diffraction Physical properties Physical properties Hardness Physical properties Hardness Cleavage tendency of minerals to break along flat planar surfaces into geometries that are determined by their crystal structure Cleavage in mica Cleavage in calcite Halite NaCl
Ore beneficiation is a separate process that is based on the physical properties of minerals Minerals will be more easily separated by gangue if it has a large difference in physical properties
Properties that determine the usefulness of an ore or mineral may be identified using a chart diagram or dichotomous key Two properties used to determine the usefulness and value of a resource include Physical properties characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the matter s identity Chemical properties characteristics that describe matter based on its ability to
Chemical Formula CaWO4 Composition Molecular Weight = gmEmpirical Formula Ca WO 4 Environment A primary tunsten ore mineral commonly found in contact metamorphic deposits high temperature hydrothermal veins greisens and granitic pegmatites IMA Status Valid Species Pre IMA 1821 Locality Bispberg iron mine Säter Dalarna Sweden Link to Location Data
Vanadium has been strongly moving into focus in the last decade Due to its chemical properties vanadium is vital for applications in the upcoming renewable energy revolution as well as usage in special alloys The uprising demand forces the industry to consider the exploration of less attractive sources besides vanadiferous titanomagnetite deposits such as lead vanadate deposits Mineral
· The mineral is found in mountainous regions of Europe not Kansas or Illinois is the principle ore of lead and forms glistening silver cubes with almost unnaturally perfect shapes The sulfur content of galena makes it extraordinarily brittle and reactive to chemical treatment Miners and workers in extraction plants may encounter
In surface mining the ground is blasted so that ores near Earth s surface can be removed and carried to refineries to extract the minerals Surface mining can be destructive to the surrounding landscape leaving huge open pits behind In underground mining ores are removed from deep within the earth Miners blast tunnels into the rock to reach the ore deposits This process can lead to
Silver is found in lead zinc gold and copper ore deposits The most important ore mineral of silver is argentite Ag2S silver sulfide Silver is commonly extracted from ore by smelting or chemical leaching Uses Silver has been used for thousands of years for jewelry and decorative items of all types Likewise it has been used for silverware Of all the metals untarnished silver is the
Beneficiation is a term used to describe the treatment of a raw material like coal to improve physical or chemical properties so it can be used for new applications NETL s Coal Derived Additive Enables Stronger and More Durable Cement at a Reduced Cost In an effort that could ultimately help create new jobs and markets for coal NETL researchers have developed a low cost coal derived
Many minerals can tolerate relatively large amounts of certain other atoms and/or ions in their crystal lattice without showing great deviations in their physical properties [9] The color might change completely but the crystals appear clear and uniform as the crystal lattice is somewhat flexible or spacious and maintains its original structure as a whole The crystal lattice of quartz
· The geophysical techniques used in the search for iron ores as in most geophysical mapping are based upon the presence of measurable contrasts of physical properties between the ore minerals and the surrounding rocks The physical properties used principally are magnetism both permanent and induced and density Electrical methods including polarization and
Roasting reduces impurities in the copper ore and produces calcine a mixture of products Concentrated enriched ore is heated to between 500 o C and 700 o C in air Some impurities in the ore such as arsenic and antimony are oxidized and form volatile gases which can be removed 4As 3O 2 g → 2As 2 O 3 g 4Sb 3O 2 g → 2Sb 2 O 3 g
Although considerable amounts of accessory minerals and impurities are removed during beneficiation the beneficiated ore still contains some of the original impurities Such impurities include silica clay minerals calcite dolomite and hydrated oxides of iron Fe and aluminium Al in various combinations and concentrations some of which may have a marked influence on the performance of
· The ore body formation affects the mining method and the sequence of extracting different zones so that the beneficiation process can be effective Changes in ore properties such as ore gold distribution and hardness have influence in gold liberation and consequently will be affected the recovery process For example orebodies containing
· Fiber optic cables can transmit signals over long distances because they incorporate periodically spaced lengths of erbium doped fiber that function as laser amplifiers Er is used in these laser repeaters despite its high cost $700/kg because it alone possesses the required optical properties
· While managanese ore is not a non metallic the application of flotation to its beneficiation is similar to that used for the non metallic ores Non metallic reagents are used to float non metallic impurity minerals such as calcite and other non metallic reagents can be used to concentrate the manganese mineral and reject silica and alumina minerals as a tailing Manganese is a critical
It also forms telluride minerals in its compound form with tellurium Physical Properties Before going through the chemical properties let us have a look at the physical properties of gold Gold is ductile as well as malleable in nature This means it can be drawn into wires and beaten into thin sheets This soft metal is able to reflect heat as well as light Gold is a metal and therefore a
Ore is traditionally defined as a valuable mineral or chemical commodity that can be extracted at a profit In VMS deposits ore generally consists of sulfide or sulfosalt minerals that contain Cu Pb Zn Ag and or Au Gangue is defined as any noneconomic mineral deposited together with ore; in VMS deposits this means essentially all nonsulfide miner als see Hypogene Gangue
Scandium is one of the rare chemicals that can be found in houses in equipment such as colour televisions fluorescent lamps energy saving lamps and glasses The use of scandium is still growing due to the fact that it is suited to produce catalysers and to polish glass
Rare earth elements occur in many minerals but typically in concentrations too low to be refined in an economical manner; the concentration of REEs in the Earth s crust is estimated to be between 150 to 220 parts per million which is higher than the concentration of other metals mined for industrial use such as Cu or Zn The concentration of cerium the most abundant rare earth is
They have a characteristic chemical and physical properties and usually a regular crystal structure Most rocks that we see today are made of minerals they are the ingredients in rocks and both precious metals and gems are subsets of minerals There are over 3 000 known minerals Some of the most common ones and their uses are Asbestos [image left] has an unsavory reputation for causing
· Ores and Minerals Ore is a term used to describe an aggregate of minerals from which a valuable constituent especially a metal can be profitably mined and extracted Most rock deposits contain metals or minerals but when the concentration of valuable minerals or metals is too low to justify mining it is considered a waste or gangue material Within an ore body valuable minerals are
· For minerals with very low ore grades fuel can be a significant factor in the cost of the final product Rare earth elements used in all manner of tech machines including green ones have rare properties but are much more abundant than gold However the physical chemistry of rare earths makes them difficult and energy intensive to refine It takes about twice as much energy to get access
Density grams per cm cubed Melting Point °C °F Boiling Point 2204°C 3999°F Discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875 Gallium is the third element in the thirteenth column of the periodic table It is classified as a post transition metal or other metal Gallium atoms have 31 electrons and 31 protons
Chemical Analysis of Minerals WET CHEMISTRY There are three bibasic types of wet chithemistry; however aspects of wet chemistry are utilized in the sample preparation for a number of spectroscopic techniques 1 Gravimetric 2 Volumetric 3 Colorimetric For the most part all of these techniques require mineral samples that are relatively pure These must then be powdered then dissolved
· These properties allow hydrochloric acid to be used to remove carbonates from soils/sediments without major damage to organic materials However HCl s strong complexing nature allows for complete dissolution of numerous metals platinum group metals Au Fe Cd & Sn It is also useful to help dissolution of Al In and Sb In general the addition of conc HCl is appropriate for the
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